Back Wit beweging AF الحركة البيضاء Arabic Ağ ordu AZ Аҡтар хәрәкәте BA Белы рух BE Бяло движение Bulgarian Bílé hnutí Czech Den Hvide bevægelse Danish Weiße Bewegung German Λευκός Στρατός Greek
| White movement | |
|---|---|
| Белое движение | |
| |
| Leaders | |
| Dates of operation | 1917 – 1941 |
| Country | .png){kind=small} Russian State |
| Allegiance | |
| Group(s) | |
| Ideology | Anti-communism[6] Non-predetermination Majority:[7][6] Russian nationalism[8][9] |
| Political position | Big tent[10][11][12] |
| Slogan | "Russia United, Great and Indivisible" (unofficial)[13] |
| Major actions | White Terror[14] Pogroms (1918–1920)[15] |
| Size | 3.4 million members (peak) |
| Allies | See list: |
| Opponents | |
| Battles and wars | Russian Civil War Mongolian Revolution Kumul Rebellion Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) |
| Flag |  |
The White movement (Russian: pre–1918 Бѣлое движеніе / post–1918 Белое движение, romanized: Beloye dvizheniye, IPA: [ˈbʲɛləɪ dvʲɪˈʐenʲɪɪ]),[a] also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1923) and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945). The movement's military arm was the White Army (Бѣлая армія / Белая армия, Belaya armiya), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая гвардія / Белая гвардия, Belaya gvardiya) or White Guardsmen (Бѣлогвардейцы / Белогвардейцы, Belogvardeytsi).
During the Russian Civil War, the White movement functioned as a big-tent political movement representing an array of political opinions in Russia united in their opposition to the Bolsheviks—from the republican-minded liberals and Kerenskyite social democrats on the left through monarchists and supporters of a united multinational Russia to the ultra-nationalist Black Hundreds on the right.
Following the military defeat of the Whites, remnants and continuations of the movement remained in several organizations, some of which only had narrow support, enduring within the wider White émigré overseas community until after the fall of the European communist states in the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990–1991. This community-in-exile of anti-communists often divided into liberal and the more conservative segments, with some still hoping for the restoration of the Romanov dynasty.
- ^ Evan Mawdsley (2008) The Russian Civil War: 27
- ^
- Provisional All-Russian Government: ‹See Tfd›Russian: Вре́менное Всеросси́йское прави́тельство, romanized: Vrémennoye Vserossíyskoye pravítel'stvo
- Directory: ‹See Tfd›Russian: Директо́рия, romanized: Direktóriya
- Ufa Directory: ‹See Tfd›Russian: Уфи́мская Директо́рия, romanized: Ufímskaya Direktóriya
- Omsk Directory: ‹See Tfd›Russian: О́мская Директо́рия, romanized: Ómskaya Direktóriya
- ^ "ETIS - Rets.: Reigo Rosenthal, Loodearmee, Tallinn: Argo, 2006". www.etis.ee. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ The White Guard Archived 25 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine // "Banquet Campaign" of 1904 – Big Irgiz – Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005 – Page 190 – (The Great Russian Encyclopedia: in 35 Volumes / Editor-in-Chief Yury Osipov; 2004–2017, Volume 3) – ISBN 5-85270-331-1
- ^ "The White armies". Alpha History. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ a b Kenez 1980, p. 74.
- ^ Предисловие // Красный террор в годы Гражданской войны: По материалам Особой следственной комиссии по расследованию злодеяний большевиков. Archived 2020-08-08 at the Wayback Machine / Под ред. докторов исторических наук Ю. Г. Фельштинского и Г. И. Чернявского — London, 1992. "Yuri Felshtinsky writes that there were differences in the ideology of the White movement, but the prevailing desire was to restore a democratic, parliamentary political system, private property and market relations in Russia."
- ^ Никулин В.В., Красников В.В., Юдин А.Н. (2005). Советская Россия: Проблемы социально-экономического и политического развития (PDF). Тамбов: Издательство ТГТУ. ISBN 5-8265-0394-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2020-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ The White Movement and the National Question in Russia: a collective monograph. / Edited by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V. T. Tormozov, Candidate of Historical Sciences A. G. Pismensky. Authors: V. T. Tormozov, A. A. Ivanova, and others. — Moscow: Saratov State University Publishing House, 2009. — 157 p. —ISBN 978-5-8323-0602-5.
- ^ Osborne, R. (2023, April 14). White Army of Russia | History, Significance & Composition. Study.com. "Loosely commanded by former imperial admiral Alexander Kolchack, the White Army was comprised of volunteers, conscripts, liberals, conservatives, monarchists, religious fundamentalists, and any group that opposed Bolshevik rule. These various groups had little in common besides their opposition to Bolshevik rule."
- ^ Slashchov-Krymsky Ya. A. White Crimea, 1920: Memoirs and documents. Moscow, 1990. P. 40. "According to the leader of the defense of Crimea from the Bolsheviks in the winter of 1920, General Ya. A. Slashchev-Krymsky , the White movement was a mixture of the pro-Cadet and pro-Octobrist upper classes and the Menshevik - SR lower classes."
- ^ "Первая лекция историка К. М. Александрова о Гражданской войне. Часть первая". belrussia.ru. St. Petersburg. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
The White movement as a whole, despite the presence of political shades: republicans, monarchists, non-predeterminists, was a military-political movement that defended the values of Stolypin's Russia.
- ^ Бутаков Я. А. (2005-10-03). "Рыцарь «Единой и неделимой» (К перезахоронению праха А. И. Деникина)". Статья (in Russian). Правая.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus Verlag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3593507057.
- ^ "YIVO | Russian Civil War". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.). China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-963-7326-14-1. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Then there occurred another story which has become traumatic, this one for the Russian nationalist psyche. At the end of the year 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection, and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community: about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel.
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