Clade of animals
Planulozoa is a clade which includes the Placozoa , Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates).[ 2] [ 3] The designation Planulozoa may be considered a synonym to Parahoxozoa. Within Planulozoa, the Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria to the exclusion of Bilateria.[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[ 8] [ 9] [ 3] and Porifera (sponges).[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] Although this clade was sometimes used to specify a clade of Cnidaria and Bilateria to the exclusion of Placozoa (against the original intention of its proposal), this is no longer favoured due to recent data indicating a sister group relationship between Cnidaria and Placozoa,[ 13] another study still supports Placozoa as sister to Cnidaria+Bilateria.[ 14]
The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya ) the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.[ 15] [ 16] [ 17]
Planulozoa are associated with the emergence of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.[ 18]
^ Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; Duan, Baichuan; Marone, Federica; Xiao, Shuhai; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2022-08-17). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome" . Nature . 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode :2022Natur.609..541L . doi :10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z . ISSN 1476-4687 . PMID 35978194 . S2CID 251646316 .
^ Edgecombe, G. D.; Giribet, G. (2019-01-15), "Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution": A decade later , University of Padova Press, ISBN 9788869381409 , retrieved 2019-07-17
^ a b Andreas Wallberg; Mikael Thollesson; James S. Farris; Ulf Jondelius (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling" . Cladistics . 20 (6): 558–578. doi :10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x . PMID 34892961 . S2CID 86185156 .
^ Aleshin, V. V.; Petrov, N. B. (2002). "Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa". Zh Obshch Biol . 63 (3): 195–208. PMID 12070939 .
^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018-10-30). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias" . eLife . 7 . doi :10.7554/elife.36278 . ISSN 2050-084X . PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720 .
^ Schuchert, Peter (1993-03-01). "Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has Cells that React with Antibodies Against the Neuropeptide RFamide". Acta Zoologica . 74 (2): 115–117. doi :10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01227.x .
^ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002-06-01). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea . 82 (1): 315–324. doi :10.1007/bf03043791 . ISSN 0037-2110 . S2CID 16870420 .
^ Andreas Hejnol & Mark Q. Martindale (2008). "Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 363 (1496): 1493–1501. doi :10.1098/rstb.2007.2239 . PMC 2614228 . PMID 18192185 .
^ Jaume Baguñà; Pere Martinez; Jordi Paps; Marta Riutort (2008). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi :10.1098/rstb.2007.2238 . PMC 2615819 . PMID 18192186 .
^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017-10-09). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals" . Nature Ecology & Evolution . 1 (11): 1737–1746. Bibcode :2017NatEE...1.1737W . doi :10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3 . ISSN 2397-334X . PMC 5664179 . PMID 28993654 .
^ C. Borchiellini; M. Manuel; E. Alivon; N. Boury-Esnault; J. Vacelet; Y. Le Parco (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa" . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 14 (1): 171–179. doi :10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x . PMID 29280585 .
^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-12-01). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode :2015PNAS..11215402P . doi :10.1073/pnas.1518127112 . PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703 .
^ Giribet, Gonzalo (2020). The invertebrate tree of life . Gregory D. Edgecombe. Princeton, New Jersey. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-691-19706-7 . OCLC 1129197548 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )
^ Najle, Sebastián R.; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Elek, Anamaria; Navarrete, Cristina; Cianferoni, Damiano; Chiva, Cristina; Cañas-Armenteros, Didac; Mallabiabarrena, Arrate; Kamm, Kai; Sabidó, Eduard; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Schierwater, Bernd; Serrano, Luis; Sebé-Pedrós, Arnau (September 19, 2023). "Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution" . Cell . 186 (21): 4676–4693.e29. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027 . PMC 10580291 . PMID 37729907 .
^ Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008). "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences . 363 (1496): 1435–1443. doi :10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 . PMC 2614224 . PMID 18192191 .
^ Laura Wegener Parfrey ; Daniel J G Lahr; Andrew H Knoll ; Laura A Katz (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks" (PDF) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode :2011PNAS..10813624P . doi :10.1073/PNAS.1110633108 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3158185 . PMID 21810989 . Wikidata Q24614721 .
^ "Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration" . Fossil Calibration Database . Retrieved 3 March 2018 .
^ Layden, Michael J. (2018), "Cnidarian Zic Genes", Zic family , Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 1046, Springer, Singapore, pp. 27–39, doi :10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_2 , ISBN 9789811073106 , PMID 29442315