The pacification of Algeria, also known as the Algerian genocide,[3][4] refers to a series of violent military operations that took place from 1830 to 1875, during the French conquest of Algeria. France aimed to put an end to various tribal rebellions and the resistance of the native Algerians to the French invasion. During this period, between 500,000 and 1 million Algerians were killed in campaigns of ethnic cleansing, massacres and forced displacement, out of an estimated population of 3 million.[1][5] This era also witnessed France's formal annexation of Algeria in 1834, as well as the settlement of approximately 1 million European settlers in the Algerian colony.[6] Various governments and scholars have considered France's actions in Algeria as constituting a genocide.[7]