Field of study in both philosophy and psychology
Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology . Historically, the term "moral psychology" was used relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development .[ 1] [ 2] Moral psychology eventually came to refer more broadly to various topics at the intersection of ethics , psychology, and philosophy of mind .[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Some of the main topics of the field are moral judgment, moral reasoning , moral sensitivity, moral responsibility , moral motivation, moral identity, moral action, moral development , moral diversity, moral character (especially as related to virtue ethics ), altruism , psychological egoism , moral luck , moral forecasting, moral emotion, affective forecasting , and moral disagreement.[ 7]
Today, moral psychology is a thriving area of research spanning many disciplines,[ 8] with major bodies of research on the biological,[ 9] [ 10] cognitive/computational[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] and cultural[ 14] [ 15] basis of moral judgment and behavior, and a growing body of research on moral judgment in the context of artificial intelligence.[ 16] [ 17]
^ Haidt, Jonathan; Kesebir, Selin (2010). "Morality". In Fiske, S; Gilbert, D; Lindzey, G (eds.). Handbook of Social Psychology (PDF) (5 ed.). Hoboken NJ: Wiley. pp. 797–832.
^ Lapsley, Daniel K. (1996). Moral Psychology . Developmental psychology series. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3032-7 .
^ Doris, John; Stich, Stephen (2008), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches" , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
^ Wallace, R. Jay (November 29, 2007). "Moral Psychology" . In Jackson, Frank; Smith, Michael (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy . OUP Oxford. pp. 86–113. ISBN 978-0-19-923476-9 . Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions
^ Ellemers, Naomi; van der Toorn, Jojanneke; Paunov, Yavor; van Leeuwen, Thed (18 January 2019). "The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published From 1940 Through 2017" . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 23 (4): 332–366. doi :10.1177/1088868318811759 . ISSN 1088-8683 . PMC 6791030 . PMID 30658545 .
^ Teper, R.; Inzlicht, M.; Page-Gould, E. (2011). "Are we more moral than we think?: Exploring the role of affect in moral behavior and moral forecasting". Psychological Science . 22 (4): 553–558. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1033.5192 . doi :10.1177/0956797611402513 . PMID 21415242 . S2CID 206585532 .
^ Doris & Stich (2008), §1.
^ Sevinc, Gunes; Spreng, R. Nathan; Soriano-Mas, Carles (4 February 2014). "Contextual and Perceptual Brain Processes Underlying Moral Cognition: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotions" . PLOS ONE . 9 (2): e87427. Bibcode :2014PLoSO...987427S . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0087427 . PMC 3913597 . PMID 24503959 .
^ Moll, Jorge; Zahn, Roland; de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo; Krueger, Frank; Grafman, Jordan (October 2005). "The neural basis of human moral cognition". Nature Reviews Neuroscience . 6 (10): 799–809. doi :10.1038/nrn1768 . PMID 16276356 . S2CID 2915834 .
^ Kleiman-Weiner, Max; Saxe, Rebecca; Tenenbaum, Joshua B. (October 2017). "Learning a commonsense moral theory". Cognition . 167 : 107–123. doi :10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.005 . hdl :1721.1/118457 . PMID 28351662 . S2CID 3184506 .
^ Cushman, Fiery (16 July 2013). "Action, Outcome, and Value". Personality and Social Psychology Review . 17 (3): 273–292. doi :10.1177/1088868313495594 . PMID 23861355 . S2CID 18501147 .
^ Crockett, Molly J. (August 2013). "Models of morality" . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 17 (8): 363–366. doi :10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.005 . PMC 3925799 . PMID 23845564 .
^ Henrich, Joseph; Boyd, Robert; Bowles, Samuel; Camerer, Colin; Fehr, Ernst; Gintis, Herbert; McElreath, Richard; Alvard, Michael; Barr, Abigail; Ensminger, Jean; Henrich, Natalie Smith; Hill, Kim; Gil-White, Francisco; Gurven, Michael; Marlowe, Frank W.; Patton, John Q.; Tracer, David (22 December 2005). " "Economic man" in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies" (PDF) . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 28 (6): 795–815. doi :10.1017/S0140525X05000142 . PMID 16372952 . S2CID 3194574 .
^ Purzycki, Benjamin Grant; Apicella, Coren; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Cohen, Emma; McNamara, Rita Anne; Willard, Aiyana K.; Xygalatas, Dimitris; Norenzayan, Ara; Henrich, Joseph (10 February 2016). "Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality" (PDF) . Nature . 530 (7590): 327–330. Bibcode :2016Natur.530..327P . doi :10.1038/nature16980 . PMID 26863190 . S2CID 205247725 .
^ Awad, Edmond; Dsouza, Sohan; Kim, Richard; Schulz, Jonathan; Henrich, Joseph; Shariff, Azim; Bonnefon, Jean-François; Rahwan, Iyad (24 October 2018). "The Moral Machine experiment". Nature . 563 (7729): 59–64. Bibcode :2018Natur.563...59A . doi :10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6 . hdl :10871/39187 . PMID 30356211 . S2CID 53029241 .
^ Bonnefon, J.-F.; Shariff, A.; Rahwan, I. (23 June 2016). "The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles". Science . 352 (6293): 1573–1576. arXiv :1510.03346 . Bibcode :2016Sci...352.1573B . doi :10.1126/science.aaf2654 . PMID 27339987 . S2CID 35400794 .