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Cockayne syndrome
| Cockayne syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Neill-Dingwall syndrome |
 | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics, neurology, dermatology  |
Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called Neill-Dingwall syndrome, is a rare and fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging.[1][2][3] Failure to thrive and neurological disorders are criteria for diagnosis, while photosensitivity, hearing loss, eye abnormalities, and cavities are other very common features.[3] Problems with any or all of the internal organs are possible. It is associated with a group of disorders called leukodystrophies, which are conditions characterized by degradation of neurological white matter. There are two primary types of Cockayne syndrome: Cockayne syndrome type A (CSA), arising from mutations in the ERCC8 gene, and Cockayne syndrome type B (CSB), resulting from mutations in the ERCC6 gene.[4]
The underlying disorder is a defect in a DNA repair mechanism.[5] Unlike other defects of DNA repair, patients with CS are not predisposed to cancer or infection.[6] Cockayne syndrome is a rare but destructive disease usually resulting in death within the first or second decade of life. The mutation of specific genes in Cockayne syndrome is known, but the widespread effects and its relationship with DNA repair is yet to be well understood.[6]
It is named after English physician Edward Alfred Cockayne (1880–1956) who first described it in 1936 and re-described in 1946.[7] Neill-Dingwall syndrome was named after Mary M. Dingwall and Catherine A. Neill.[7] These two scientists described the case of two brothers with Cockayne syndrome and asserted it was the same disease described by Cockayne. In their article, the two contributed to the signs of the disease through their discovery of calcifications in the brain. They also compared Cockayne syndrome to what is now known as Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), then called progeria, due to the advanced aging that characterizes both disorders.[7]
- ^ Bertola; Cao, H; Albano, Lm; Oliveira, Dp; Kok, F; Marques-Dias, Mj; Kim, Ca; Hegele, Ra (2006). "Cockayne syndrome type A: novel mutations in eight typical patients". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (8): 701–5. doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0011-7. PMID 16865293.
- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ a b Bender M, Potocki L, Metry D. What syndrome is this? Cockayne syndrome. Pediatric Dermatology [serial online]. November 2003;20(6):538-540. Available from: MEDLINE with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 30, 2015.
- ^ Laugel, Vincent (2013). "Cockayne syndrome: the expanding clinical and mutational spectrum". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 134 (5–6): 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2013.02.006. ISSN 1872-6216. PMID 23428416. S2CID 19137836.
- ^ Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (15): 1475–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804615. PMID 19812404.
- ^ a b Nance M, Berry S (1 January 1992). "Cockayne syndrome: review of 140 cases". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 42 (1): 68–84. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320420115. PMID 1308368.
- ^ a b c Neill CA, Dingwall MM. A Syndrome Resembling Progeria: A Review of Two Cases. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1950;25(123):213-223.
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