Clastogen

A clastogen is a mutagenic agent that disturbs normal DNA related processes or directly causes DNA strand breakages, thus causing the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of entire chromosome sections.^[1] These processes are a form of mutagenesis which if left unrepaired, or improperly repaired, can lead to cancer.^[1] Known clastogens include acridine yellow, benzene, ethylene oxide, arsenic, phosphine, mimosine, actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate, methyl acrylate, resorcinol and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.^[2] Additionally, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine is a known colon carcinogen and shows signs of possessing clastogenic activity.^[3] There are many clastogens not listed here and research is ongoing to discover new clastogens. Some known clastogens only exhibit clastogenic activity in certain cell types, such as caffeine which exhibits clastogenic activity in plant cells.^[4] Researchers are interested in clastogens for researching cancer, as well as for other human health concerns such as the inheritability of clastogen effected paternal germ cells that lead to fetus developmental defects.^[5]

^ ^a ^b Schwab M, ed. (2011). "Clastogen". Encyclopedia of Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 879. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_1205. ISBN 978-3-642-16482-8.
^ Kirpnick Z, Homiski M, Rubitski E, Repnevskaya M, Howlett N, Aubrecht J, Schiestl RH (April 2005). "Yeast DEL assay detects clastogens". Mutation Research. 582 (1–2): 116–134. Bibcode:2005MRGTE.582..116K. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.01.005. PMID 15781217.
^ Vanhauwaert A, Vanparys P, Kirsch-Volders M (January 2001). "The in vivo gut micronucleus test detects clastogens and aneugens given by gavage". Mutagenesis. 16 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1093/mutage/16.1.39. PMID 11139597.
^ Bignold LP (March–June 2009). "Mechanisms of clastogen-induced chromosomal aberrations: a critical review and description of a model based on failures of tethering of DNA strand ends to strand-breaking enzymes". Mutation Research. 681 (2–3): 271–298. Bibcode:2009MRRMR.681..271B. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.11.004. PMID 19103303.
^ Wyrobek AJ, Schmid TE, Marchetti F (2005-03-01). "Relative susceptibilities of male germ cells to genetic defects induced by cancer chemotherapies". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2005 (34): 31–35. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi001. PMID 15784819.

[Schwab_2011-1] Schwab M, ed. (2011). "Clastogen". Encyclopedia of Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 879. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_1205. ISBN 978-3-642-16482-8.

[Kirpnick_2005-2] Kirpnick Z, Homiski M, Rubitski E, Repnevskaya M, Howlett N, Aubrecht J, Schiestl RH (April 2005). "Yeast DEL assay detects clastogens". Mutation Research. 582 (1–2): 116–134. Bibcode:2005MRGTE.582..116K. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.01.005. PMID 15781217.

[Vanhauwaert_2001-3] Vanhauwaert A, Vanparys P, Kirsch-Volders M (January 2001). "The in vivo gut micronucleus test detects clastogens and aneugens given by gavage". Mutagenesis. 16 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1093/mutage/16.1.39. PMID 11139597.

[Bignold_2009-4] Bignold LP (March–June 2009). "Mechanisms of clastogen-induced chromosomal aberrations: a critical review and description of a model based on failures of tethering of DNA strand ends to strand-breaking enzymes". Mutation Research. 681 (2–3): 271–298. Bibcode:2009MRRMR.681..271B. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.11.004. PMID 19103303.

[Wyrobek_2005-5] Wyrobek AJ, Schmid TE, Marchetti F (2005-03-01). "Relative susceptibilities of male germ cells to genetic defects induced by cancer chemotherapies". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2005 (34): 31–35. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi001. PMID 15784819.

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Clastogen

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