↑Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, University of Washington Press, , 59– (ISBN978-0-295-80055-4, lire en ligne)
↑(en) Enze Han, Contestation and adaptation : the politics of national identity in China, Oxford, OUP USA, , 160– (ISBN978-0-19-993629-8, lire en ligne)
↑Justin Jon Rudelson et Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Bones in the Sand : The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China, Harvard University, (lire en ligne), p. 43
↑René Grousset, The empire of the steppes : a history of central Asia, Rutgers University Press, , 687 p. (ISBN978-0-8135-0627-2, lire en ligne), p. 344